Japanese team tries inkjet printing on perovskite as a way to lower production costs

Researchers from three Japanese universities, led by Japan's Kanazawa University, have developed a process based on inkjet printing they say could reduce the cost of perovskite solar cell production. The group fabricated small cells with efficiencies as high as 13.19%, a figure they claim is promising enough to offer the possibility of scaling up to commercial production.

Schematic illustration of (a) the OEI setup used to pattern the TiO2 CL on FTO glass substrates and (b) the device structure of OEI-TiO2 CL-based PSCs.

The team has developed a process for depositing a titanium dioxide electron transport layer (ETL) onto a perovskite. The group claim the method could be scaled up to cut costs for manufacturers moving towards commercial perovskite cell manufacturing.

The ETL plays a key role in carrying electrons from the perovskite into the electrode and separating from 'holes' to prevent recombination losses. Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is commonly used to make the electron transport layer. However, most processes able to deposit a high-quality layer of it onto a perovskite require either high temperatures or a vacuum, which translates to high operating costs.

'Fabricating high-quality, reproducible TiO₂ CLs [compact layers] for the efficient performance of planar PSCs [perovskite solar cells] via a scalable, controllable and cost-effective technique remains a significant challenge,' stated the researchers in their paper.

To meet the challenge of reducing costs, the group turned to inkjet printing ' a process often used in the production of organic PV cells. By developing an optimized process for ETL layer deposition, the researchers were able to produce perovskite solar cells with 13.19% efficiency over an active surface area of 0.09cm².

Positively charged droplets were sprayed onto a negatively charged surface. The group reported previous studies testing similar processes found gravity caused TiO₂ to form stacks ' resulting in thick, non-uniform layers. However, by simply spraying the precursor at a 45-degree angle to the surface, the group was able to improve uniformity. Varying the coating time allowed the Japanese team to control the thickness of the ETL.

'The ability to control the layer thickness and achieve a uniform, reproducible layer at low cost ' without the need for a vacuum ' provides a unique package of advantages that has not been reported to date,' said Md Shahiduzzaman, assistant professor at Kanazawa University and the paper's lead author. 'We hope that these properties will lead to effective and commercially relevant scale-up that will contribute to the drive towards cleaner energy worldwide.'

Going forward, the group plans to investigate how to scale up the process onto larger areas, noting the 'single nozzle' approach taken for the paper covers a width of only 5mm, and that 'cross-talk' between electric fields around each nozzle could present a challenge to uniform printing with multiple nozzles. The scientists have suggested the positioning of a shield around each nozzle as a possible solution.

A further study to coat a variety of substrates in a large scale, high-throughput setting is also planned, and the group has suggested surface engineering or elemental doping of the TiO₂ layer could help ensure a good interface between the ETL and the active perovskite, further improving performance.