Perovskite applications - Page 9

The interface between the perovskite layer and electron transporting layer has critical effect on the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The heterogeneity of the interface critically affects the carrier dynamics at the buried interface. 

To address this, researchers from Tsinghua University, Xiamen University, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology have developed a bridging molecule, (2-aminoethyl)phosphonic acid (AEP), for the modification of SnO₂/perovskite buried interface in n–i–p structure PSCs.

Researchers at Kaunas University of Technology (KTU), Ming Chi University of Technology, Belarusian State University and King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) have synthesized novel materials to enhance the performance of wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells (PSCs). 

Graphical abstract. Credit: ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2024)

These can improve solar elements for indoor use, which can also be integrated into various electronic devices, and are able to generate electricity even in low-light conditions.

The majority of monolithic perovskite/Si tandem solar cells (TSCs) have been built on heterojunction (HJT) Si solar cells, which have seen limited industrial uptake due to manufacturing cost and concern over the viability of metal electrodes and transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) incorporating expensive elements. Recently, researchers from The Australian National University, University of Melbourne and University of New South Wales demonstrated that high efficiencies of perovskite/Si TSCs can be achieved with Si bottom cells based on a double-side poly-Si/Si dioxide (SiO₂) passivating contact (poly-Si cell) without silver or transparent conductive oxides (TCOs), fabricated using mass-production techniques. 

In addition, a novel low-absorption, dopant-free bilayer-structured hole transport layer (HTL) composed of ultra-thin poly(N,N′-bis-4-butylphenyl-N,N′-bisphenyl)benzidine (Poly-TPD) and 2,2′,7,7′-tetra(N,N-di-p-tolyl)amino-9,9-spirobifluorene (Spiro-TTB) double layers was developed for the perovskite top cell, which passivates the perovskite surface and enhances the near-interface conductivity, thus increasing the open-circuit voltage and fill factor. 

Researchers from the U.S and Ghana recently examined the fracture behavior of Perovskite Light Emitting Devices (PLEDs), emphasizing the importance of interfacial toughness in device performance. This can influence future materials and interface engineering strategies in optoelectronic devices.

Understanding the interfacial fracture toughness of PLEDs can guide the design of more robust devices by improving the adhesion between layers and reducing defect propagation. This can lead to enhanced performance and durability of PLEDs.

Researchers at Hong Kong Baptist University, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST) and Yale University have revealed the existence of surface concavities on individual crystal grains that are the fundamental blocks of perovskite thin films, and examined their significant effects on the film properties and reliability. 

Based on this discovery, the team designed a new way of making perovskite solar cells (PSCs) more efficient and stable via a chemo-elimination of these grain surface concavities.

Researchers from China's Shaanxi Normal University, Zhejiang Normal University, China Institute of Radiation Protection and Chinese Academy of Sciences have developed lead-free photoferroelectric hybrid metal halide perovskite flexible membranes for wearable detectors, that offer excellent X-ray response with high sensitivities, low detection limit and impressive imaging capabilities. 

Demonstration and application potential for lead-free photoferroelectric perovskite membrane (LFPPM). a) Optical images of the LFPPM. b) Schematic diagram of LFPPM wearable X-ray dosimeter. c) Schematic diagram of the working principle of wearable X-ray dosimeter. (Image credit: Nanowerk)

High-sensitivity wearable radiation detectors are important for personnel protection in radiation environments such as defense, nuclear facilities, and medical fields. Traditional detectors using bulk crystals tend to lack flexibility. Hybrid metal halide perovskites have shown promise for next-generation radiation detection as they can efficiently absorb high-energy radiation and convert it into electrical signals. However, there are concerns of lead toxicity. More recent efforts have explored lead-free alternatives, but these have generally suffered from poor charge transport properties, reducing their effectiveness as radiation detectors.

Researchers at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill have reported a systematic study on the degradation mechanisms of p–i–n structure perovskite solar cells (PSCs) under reverse bias. Reverse bias is a phenomenon that can occur when, for example, an individual cell is shaded and other cells in the module try to push a higher current through it, increasing the temperature and potential damage to the cells. These conditions make solar cells unstable and deteriorate their performance over time.

The team's new strategy could improve the stability of PSCs under reverse bias conditions and facilitate the future deployment of perovskite-based photovoltaics (PVs) in real-world settings.

Yayoi Takamura, professor and chair of materials science and engineering at the University of California, Davis, and researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) have designed deep-learning model ensembles, a method in machine learning involving multiple neural networks, to investigate the magnetic behavior of perovskite oxide multilayers.

Perovskite oxides are gaining attention for use in next-generation magnetic and ferroelectric devices due to their exceptional charge transport properties and the opportunity to tune the different properties of electrons and atoms, including charge, spin, lattice and orbital degrees of freedom. While the materials may offer a pathway for innovative designs in perovskite oxide-based devices, the atomic-level compositions of the interfaces between perovskite oxides are unknown, therefore hindering the establishment of design principles using these materials. With this new model, the researchers investigated the effects of composition and process parameters on the magnetic behavior of perovskite oxide multilayers.

Researchers at The University of Toledo (UToledo), Northwestern University and University of Washington have focused on the stability of perovskite solar cells, and reported an adjustment to the chemical structure of a key component of a tandem cell that allows it to continuously generate electricity for more than 1,000 hours.

Image from Joule

“State-of-the-art all-perovskite tandem cells with a conventional hole-transfer layer can only continuously operate for hundreds of hours,” said Dr. Zhaoning Song, a co-author and assistant professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at UToledo. “Our innovation prolongs the stability of these devices, advancing all-perovskite tandem technology and bringing it closer to practical application.”

As silicon-based transistors approach their limits, researchers are exploring alternative materials to continue progress in semiconductor technology. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are considered promising candidates for next-generation electronics due to their exceptional electrical properties and nanoscale dimensions. Yet, the challenge of precisely controlling the electronic characteristics of CNTs has hindered their widespread adoption in practical applications.

Researchers at China's Peking University, Zhejiang University and Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) have developed an inner doping method by filling CNTs with 1D halide perovskites to form a coaxial heterojunction, which enables a stable n-type field-effect transistor for constructing complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor electronics.